Community Services and Financing Bibliography: Bridging the 20th to the 21st Century Gap

COMMUNITY SERVICES AND FINANCING:

BRIDGING THE 20TH TO THE 21ST CENTURY GAP

September 18, 2018

Julie Ann Racino, ASPA Budget and Finance 2018

         In the new book, Public Administration and Disability: Community Services Administration in Disability: Community Services Administration (Racino, 2014), Chapter 9 discusses Individual Budgeting and Financing (e.g., US Presidential).  In addition, in 2015 in Chicago, Illinois, ASPA Co-Chair Julie Ann Racino presented on the rise in health care financing in "community services" in the US (Racino, 2015). During the 2016 US Presidential Campaign (known as Hillary vs. Trump) (NY Times Hillary Clinton wins Minnesota's 10 electoral votes, with 100% reporting), the skyrocketing US debt was presented visually to the Town Hall Audience of Governor John Kasich of Ohio in Utica, New York. 

        In 2018, the Minnesota's Governor (Democratic State) announced an influx of funds into behavioral health care systems after Democratic Andrew Cuomo (2016) led on supported and affordable housing earlier in his second term as Governor of New York State. Following a high profile position on social-behavioral services by President Barack Obama (See, wikipedia, 2018), the bulk of the university research reported in peer-reviewed  journals continues to support quality community living and services in the US (Racino, 2000a, b; 2014).  These "community programs" have traditionally (very new in the 1980s!) been funded categorically (e.g., through federal and state laws) and include:

** Family Support-Family Preservation-Permanency Planning

** Early Intervention (now to Family Planning)

** Foster Families, Adoption, and Family Services

** Residential Services (e.g., Group Homes) to Housing, Homes/Support

** Transition and Independent Living for Young Adults

** Aging Parents and Family Caregiving

** Supported and Community Employment and Sheltered Employment

** Early Childhood Education and Child Care Programs

** Recreation and Disability at "Good Life and Good Day"

** Case Management and Services Coordination

** Transportation and Disability 

(See, Community and Policy Studies, PInterest)

In addition, community services were traditionally organized around "the disability" (e.g., mental health, substance abuse and alcohol, visual and hearing, learning disability, brain injuries), also operated by state departments and their "local" NGOs and private provider systems (e.g., criminal justice) (Racino, 2000a, 2000b). In 2018, new "opiod epidemics" follow these departmental and financial organizational tracks with leads at the Executive levels of government (e.g., NY, Kathy Hochul, and Washington, Kelly Anne Conway). 

       Early on individualized financing and person-centered planning (e.g., Racino, 1991 at Syracuse University, federally funded; O'Brien, 1987 in schools) were proposed to "organize services around the person" and to assure that all federal funds are "in compliance with federal laws" regarding individual education plans,  individual vocational plans, and new individual family support plans, among others ("alphabet soup" of the IEPs) (Racino & Knoll, 3 US states-New Hampshire, Wisconsin and Connecticut, 1986). Now, the answer is easy: What happened to Bobbie**? Where is Paulette#? Is Perry+ still involved? The new community services had followed exposes of the US and state governments (Blatt & Kaplan, 1974); external systems (e.g., judicial) often "monitored or controlled"^^ the new service systems though "not operating these services". 

       Health care reform (e.g., 1993, President Clinton's Health Security Plan; 2016 Hillary Clinton and Bernie Sanders, US Presidential Debates) represents the bulk of governmental funding (competing with defense budgets). The government is involved with managed care systems (e.g., "contractual management" at a large oversight and operations level) (e.g., Smith, Gettings, Racino; PCMR, 1995). That means the actual budget and financial operations of health care in the US (e.g., OMB, 2016), the US Presidential calls for health care reform (2018, Bernie Sanders on single payer systems modeled on Medicare; rally at the Republican Nick Pirro Convention Center, 2016 for the US Presidential campaign) , and the "Obama era" state health care exchanges (2010 Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act). However, the "disability services" often historically were "carved out"and demonstrated as federal reform through "Home and Community-Based (HCB) Medicaid Waivers"(Racino, 2014b); Bob Gettings (1994) and Gary Smith (1994) described the public financing relationships to community services. 

       In the "health financial" arena (e.g., mental health insurance coverage; ethics of cost containment; future of primary care in intellectual disabilities; options for the uninsured; adolescents in managed care; private practitioners; cost sharing under managed care) (e.g., Brown, Lakin & Burwell, 1997; Racino, 2000a), other "disability developments" included the federal creation and recognition of community living (e.g., Administration on Community Living), in addition to the prominence of independent living (e.g., new NIDILRR, National Institute on Disability, Independent Living and Rehabilitation Research). The latter was discussed by Bergman and Racino at ASPA's Annual Conference in Seattle, Washington in 2016 (Bergman & Racino, 2016) as part of the cultural diversity initiatives and panels. 

      In addition, in the new book, Public Administration and Disability (Racino, 2014), the need to strengthen Long Term Services and Supports (LTSS) in the community continues to be a challenge (NCD, 2004, 2005). While successful in targeted initiatives in the community (e.g., supported and community housing, family caregiving, new clinics, supportive living and family support, early childhood) (e.g., Agosta & Melda, 1988; Arc-US, 1994; Carling, 1993; Herman, 1994; Racino, 2014a;  Sheehan & Oakes, 2002; Singer & Irvin, 1991; Singer, et al, 2012; Taylor et al, 1989; Westlake & Kaiser, 1991), traditional Long Term Care (LTC) facilities and "high rise buildings for the elderly and poor" continue to be yesterday's challenges still remaining today. The latter may already have "modernized" or "increased the available services" with public financing (Racino, 2014b, 2018) together with expansion in roles at state and NGO levels, and of "environmental and social justice" as political campaigns.

References

Arc-US. (1994, October). Report Card to the Nation on Inclusion of People with Mental Retardation in Community Housing. Arlington, TX: Author. 

Agosta, J. & Melda, K. (1998). Supporting families who provide care at home for children with disabilities. Exceptional Children, 62(3): 271-282. 

Bergman, A. & Racino, J.  (2016, March). Employment and Disability in the 21st Century. Cultural Diversity Panel Moderator: Sanjay Pandey.  Seattle, WA: American Society for Public Administration, Public Administration and Disability. 

Blatt, B. & Kaplan, F. (1974). Christmas in Purgatory: A Photographic Essay on Mental Retardation. Syracuse, NY: Human Policy Press. 

Brown, S., Lakin, K.C., & Burwell, B. (1997, winter). Beneficiary-centered care on services for persons with developmental disabilities. Health Care Financing Review, 19(2): 23-46. 

Carling, P.J. (1993, May). Housing and supports for persons with mental illness: Emerging approaches to research and practice. Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 44(5): 439-449. 

Clinton, H., Sanders, B., & O'Malley, M. (2016). First question: Health care reform. US Democratic Debate Moderated by Lester Holt, Andrea Mitchell and Chuck Todd. NBC News, January 17, 2016. 

Cuomo, A.M. (2016). Governor Announces Awards for Development of First 1,200 Supportive Housing Units*#. Albany, NY: New York State Governor's Office.

Gettings, R. (1994). The link between public financing and systemic change. In: V. Bradley, Creating Individual Supports for People with Developmental Disabilities. (pp. 155-170). Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes.

Herman, S.E. (1994, December). Cash subsidy program: Family satisfaction and need. Mental Retardation, 32(6): 416-421.  [Steven J. Taylor, New York State, Editor, deceased; Consulting Editors include Sheryl Larson Minnesota, Pat Rogan Indiana, and James A. Knoll then of Michigan]

Kasich, J. (2016).  Town Hall Meeting. US 2016 Presidential Campaign. Mohawk Valley Community College, Utica, New York. 

......  (2016). Minnesota Election Results. US Presidential 2016 Election. New York Times Online, live 8:51:59 on 11/10/2016.

National Council on Disability. (2004). Consumer-Directed Health Care: How Well Does It Work? Washington, DC: Author. 

National Council on Disability. (2005). State of 21st Century Long Term Services and Support Financing and Systems. Washington, DC: Author. 

O'Brien, J. (1987). A guide to lifestyle planning. In: G.T. Bellamy & B. Wilcox (Eds.), A Comprehensive Guide to the Activities Catalog: An Alternative Curriculum. (pp.175-190). Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes. 

Office of Management and Budget.  (2016). Obama Administration Budgets and Policies. Washington, DC: OMB (online). 

President's Committee on Mental Retardation. (1995). Medicaid reform, managed long-term care, and SSI reform. Collaborating for Inclusion: 1995 Report to the President. Washington, DC: PCMR, US Department of Health and Human Services, Administration on Children and Families. 

Racino, J., Knoll, J. & Taylor, S. (1986). Public policy, budget and finance, severe disabilities.  The Community Integration Project. Community Report Series. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University, Center on Human Policy, Division of Rehabilitation and Special Education Services. 

Racino, J. (1991). Organizations in community living: Supporting people with disabilities. Journal of Mental Health Administration, 18(1): 51-59.

Racino, J. (2000a). Community Services and Financing Bibliography. (pp. 1-140). Rome, NY: Community and Policy Studies.  

Racino, J. (2000b). Community Support: Community Services and Systems Change. Personnel Preparation in Disability and Community Life. (pp. 119-144). Springfield, IL: Charles C.Thomas Publishers.   amazon.com

Racino, J.A. (2014a). Family support, family studies and community services. In: J. A. Racino, Public Administration and Disability: Community Services Administration in the US. (pp.101-122). NY, NY, Boca Raton, FL,  and London: CRC Press, Francis and Taylor.

Racino, J. A. (2014b). Long term services and supports in the community. In: J. A. Racino, Public Administration and Disability: Community Services Administration in the US. (pp. 65-100).  NY, NY and London: CRC Press, Francis and Taylor. 

Racino, J. (2018). Deinstitutionalization in the 21st Century: The State of the Science in Public Administration and Disability. NeCopa Panel. Burlington, VT: NeCopa: Northeast Conference on Public Administration. 

Sanders, B. (2016). Public Rally at the Nick Pirro Convention Center (Onondaga County). US 2016 Presidential Campaign. Syracuse, New York. 

Sheehan, N.W. & Oakes, C. (2002). Public policy initiatives addressing supportive housing: The experience of Connecticut. In: J. Pynoos, P. Feldman, & J. Ahrens, Linking Housing and Services for Older Adults. (pp. 81-115). London: The Haworth Press. 

Singer, G.H.S. & Irvin, L.K. (1991). Supporting families of persons with severe disabilities: Emerging findings, practices and questions. In: L.H. Meyer, C.A. Peck, & L. Brown (Eds.), Critical Issues in the Lives of People with Severe Disabilities. (pp. 271-312). Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brooke. 

Singer, G.H.S., Biegel, D.E., & Ethridge, B. (2012). Trends impacting public policy for caregiving families. In: G. H. Singer, D.E. Biegel, & P. Conners, Family Support and Family Caregiving Across Disabilities. (pp. 186-202). London: Routledge. 

Smith, G. (1994). Paying for supports: Dollars, payments and new paradigm. In: V. Bradley, J. Ashbaugh, & B. Blaney (Eds.), Creating Individual Supports for People with Developmental Disabilities. (pp. 481-490). Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes. 

Taylor, S.J., Knoll, J., Lehr, S., & Walker, P. (1989). Families for all children: Value-based services for children with disabilities and their families. In: L. Irvin & G. Singer, Support for Caregiving Families: Enabling Positive Adaptations. (pp. 41-53). Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes. 

Westlake, C.R. & Kaiser, A.P. (1991). Early childhood services for children with severe disabilities: Research, values, policy and practice. In: L.H. Meyers, C.A. Peck, & L.Brown (Eds), Critical Issues in the Lives of Persons with Severe Disabilities. (pp. 429-458). Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes.

White House Domestic Policy Council. (1993). The President's Health Security Plan: The Clinton Blueprint. NY, NY: Times Books, Random House. 

Wikipedia, Family support, community integration, supported housing, independent living, and supportive living, 2012

    

Key

** facilitated communication, See Biklen's wikipedia 

#   personal assistance services (PAS) to health care systems (World Institute on Disability)

+   self advocacy international, national history available

^^ TASH International, call to stop use of restraints, 1980, 2015

*# See, 2017-2021 Financial Plan for the NYS Executive Budget (2/17/2017)

Author and Editor

Julie Ann Racino, a Syracuse University Maxwell Alumni, is a Member of the American Society for Public Administration in 2018-2019. Its premiere journal on budgeting is Public Budgeting and Finance which does not specialize in Health Care Financing Review (separate peer-reviewed journal). The ASPA society also publishes a range of journals, inclusive of Journal of Health and Human Services Administration (JHHSA).  

The American Public Health Association (APHA), which Julie Ann Racino (Cornell University Alumni and Northwestern University Medical School) has served on in previous years, publishes the American Journal of Public Health (AJPH). 

Specialty journals (e.g., Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, previously Mental Retardation and American Journal of Mental Retardation, and Inclusion; Journal of the American Psychological Association) are published by dedicated national societies and are available today online. Syracuse University, School of Education has served as editor and publisher of the IDD journal (Steven J. Taylor).