Standards Common in Transporation
and
"Disability and Aging" Fields
*Universal design in architecture as part of city design (e.g., Preiser & Ostroff, 2001)
with attention to sensory impairments and hu'man' design
*Equity in the siting of transportation, including light rail (Fox 2008),
and transit-residential-business developments (Policy Link 2014)
* Inclusive communities with a sense of place as critical (Seekins, 2013, and community
psychology) from the roots of families and neighborhoods
*US Congressional Support for transporation for elders and individuals with disabilities
(e.g., Urban Mass Transportation Act of 1970, 1975, Section 5310)
*The concept of the built environment, returning in 2016 internationally to limit
impacts of growth on the natural environrment
(Larranga et al, 2016)
*New emphases on pedestrian walkability and bicycling (part of health and fitness lifestyles),
similar to the large metropolis in China and Asia
*Mitigation of "greenhouse gases" (e.g., at http://www.unep.org/climatechange) resulting in cutbacks in pollution which lead to asthma and respiratory illnesses and "visible smog"
*Recycle, reuse and renewable ecosystems (Bryce, 2008)
*Human ecological roots of local agriculture and food production and planning and use
(Cornell Cooperative Extension, 2014)
*Equity in rural transportation funding (Seekins, Spar & Hubbard, 1999)
*Community-centered development as also studied by Nisbet, et al, 2006
for persons with disabilities
* The newer 2000s smart growth with incentives and disincentives
at financial gates (Bochner, 2006)
In 2016, the new autonomous vehicles (2012 in Washington, DC) promise that the driver will be there as a backup (Texas A&M) in the new era of robotics and "safety" guaranteed by the perfection of engineering and sciences. Green benchmarking was in place in 2008 (Lloyd Alter, Greenest US Cities) to promote solid waste diversion, air and water quality, housing affordability, metro streets and transit ridership, natural disaster risks, green economy, green LEED buildings, city innovations, among others. In addition, transportation construction (and waste disposal) are part of sustainabilty rating systems for green roads (Soderlund, et al, 2008), and green and smart growth streets (Greenberg, 2008, 2010) are part of social equity societal decisions.
The US is reported to have a structure of transportation advisory and research boards and committees from the Transportation Research Board in Washington, DC. to the American Planning Association and its Certified Planners, to President's Science and Technology Panel, National Academy of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine Transit Cooperative Research Program, 80 Transportation Research Boards as Workforces, and 35 Annual Energy and Environmental Conferences.
However, the world is expected to be on "hyperurbanization" (Soderlund et al, 2008) with massive growth with populations consuming more than produced as a growing problem. In addition, in the world of "domestic terrorism", infrastructure such as transportation hubs (e.g, airport in Belgium, 2016) have become targets (e.g., Connery, 2008) and have resulted in national policy very different and unexpected than the 1980s and 1990s. US Cities and World Cities continue to be ranked by varying quality of life concepts from the quality of residential, education, transportation, to sustainability and livability indexes.
Selected References:
Courtesy Thomas Seekins, and the Research Center on Inclusive Communities at the University of Montana
Julie Ann Racino, April 13, 2016
A Note on the "green gates", one of the 1970s proposals was for "green portfolios" which represent the conversion to new fuel sources from wind to solar, to biodegradable chemicals, to hydro(electric) energy. Insurance companies were also asked to review "foreign investments" to "help secure America's energy futures". See, diversified portfolios, and evolution of green planning, scholarship and practice.
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Thank you from those involved in government and housing, and the essential sexual nature of "hu"man beings! Given the close nature of mass transportation in subways, it is possible to also "meet up" but research studies would generally show a different story if "close and dense".
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Georgia Zara: Yes, the US has standards for child care in facilities and more variable, in homes of another person.Internationally, in the UK and US, the term respite was specialized child care and has always, like its separate categorical state department, had different standards. Respite has been supported as a short break for "parents" from the stresses of child caregiving, and the UK recently described its system of payments. I support a tax deduction that can also relieve financial stress, a contributor to families in trouble. Cornell University as a family program that may of interest to you through human ecology.
ReplyDeleteGeorgia Zara: Regarding your link, both early intervention (from the hospital-health-community sectors) and early childhood (primarily from the education sector)have been found to be sound programs. Early intervention was up to age 3, and family support programs from the non-profit, categorical state sectors have been often falsely attributed to the education (a separate state department), as in school teacher-groups. Entire textbooks by that sector cannot even find the categorical state departments, let alone a comprehensive family support program. Some might say handholding at a cost of multi-millions.
ReplyDeleteRecommended on smart growth to address "sprawl", and to understand/measure the effect on local government spending by category (e.g., housing and community development, parks and recreation):
ReplyDeleteCarruthers, J.L. (2007, June). Does "Smart Growth" Matter to Public Finance?" Submitted to Urban Studies,
US Housing and Urban Development Working Paper #REP
06-02. Presented at meetings between 2005-2007.
As expected, "lion's share" of local public services spent on education (38.72%) with only 9.22% on environmental and housing and 5.65% on transportation (2002). Smart growth is described as "fiscally motivated", as in density may effect cost of development. Worth reading (e.g., land planning, urban and regional studies)and studying the indepth quantitative, structural equations (e.g., national studies, scatterplots, two-tailed hypotheses, elasticity, significance). In housing, on the built environment concept and factors, property taxes and median housing values, "new urbanist" locations, quality of living and good cities, blighted areas, rental subsidies, and percentage of housing built pre-1940, among others!
New reading today: Leviathan or flypaper: Examining the fungibility of earmarked local sales taxes for transportation (Afonso, 2015 in Public Budgeting and Finance). Discusses local option sales taxes earmarked for transportation projects. Of major importance is that user fees no longer pay for many of he largest and most significant transportaiton investments. California counties, earmarking and reaching the "target of transportation", and in same issue bankrupty of Orange County (circa 1998).
ReplyDeleteThe bankruptcies with Orange County, California being a well known employment-human services county, indicate a need for more open finanical books of the counties. The online reports of annual budgets, which do not indicate overall personnel costs, need a better public review, too. Lots more on the internet today, though, access is certainly controlled.
DeleteFor the "average citizen", reinstating energy credits at the state and federal levels for minor energy improvements would be helpful. The community, non-profit sector also needs the tax credit for supplies like teachers for its individual workers (not for its corporate offices; see education budgets above). In our city, the government and school system refused to respond for over 10 years to the $100,000 "closed door" hirings, and now to the newspapers as small school districts over $200,000 in 2016.
Other credits proposed were for disability expenses, or for a tax credit similar to that of the general deduction for those who are blind. Main concern is in-home assistance, due in part to need for education and jobs (over 80% unemployment rate),often called respite or specialize child care (also, adult options).
It was simply super and innovative, Insurance Accounting and Systems Association
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Checked out your diocesan network today, and always pleased to see IT, fiscal management and change technology. The question, of course with change(I am an academic author on organizational change, and worked on national strategies in "dis"ability)is simply, Change to what? Or in early planning literature, the expected and measured outcomes of change.
DeleteAnother environmental find in the search of the first three speakers from Louisiana!
DeleteDurga has a no reply system on the gmail. The industrial safety, also regulated and reportable in the US, "would reflect" the targeted audiences (e.g., manufacturing plants in the Northeast) to take the courses (ISO ratings).[Occupational Health and Safety Administration, OSHA]
ReplyDeleteFire safety usually comes through the industry itself, and the "disability-community" field has relied on the that system for education and training (e.g., group homes). Today, reported in the US are "cross-training" of emergency personnel including today's terrorism attacks and major accidents (e.g., biochemical). In the area of privacy and homes, there is disagreement on whether or not government intrudes upon such homes. In disability and elder services, critical areas are, similar to families, evacuation and for elders, common household safety that "prevents falls" (e.g., securing rugs, stairs and ladders -e.g., medications). With young children, home safety involves those pots on the stoves, cords on curtains, and even the design of that new crib or the toys ("by age"). Thank you for the certificate programs with standards and rating systems.
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